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ITI Showcase Webinar Archive

Riggers & Signalpersons 1926.1400

Riggers & Signalpersons 1926.1400

 

Enjoy the resources!  You will find the presentation pdf, video, and transcription of the webinar below. This webinar was originally recorded on December 17, 2013.

An overview of OSHA 1926.1400 for riggers & signal persons. Agenda topics include:

  • Equipment Included and Excluded 
  • Rigger Responsibilities & Classifications 
  • Signal Person Responsibilities 
  • OSHA's "Duly Warned" Statement

Downloads:

 

TRANSCRIPTIon

Jonah: Jonah Hobson, I’m the marketing manager at ITI, welcome to the showcase webinar series. Today’s webinar is titled “Riggers and Signal Persons 1926.1400.” I’m going to go over a couple of housekeeping items before we get started, so please bear with me if you have heard some of these information before. These first few slides are going to be a bit of introduction about ITI. ITI is a training company – training, education, consulting, is what we do. We have training courses at both client locations at our three training centers in North America and these locations are for our students to learn and built with classroom setting where students can apply what they have learned at hands on practice settings as well. Our  ITI’s expertise is on rigging and craning really applies to a number of industries, many that are on the screen right now. Looking at the registration count, we actually have a lot of these industries on the line, so good cross section. We’re really proud to work with some of the greatest organizations in the word, there’s an old saying, “you can learn a lot about someone by the company they keep,” and we really believe that all these great companies trusting us with their training operations says a to about our standing in the industry.so the showcase webinar is a monthly, free, educational webinar with ITI president and CEO, Mike Parnell, on the screen right here, you can see some of the previous editions. As well as today’s presentation on Riggers and Signals Persons. Our host, Mike Parnell – a lot of you on the line are familiar with Mike, many has worked with him in the industry. He’s the technical director here at ITI, responsible for developing all of our current course curriculum, he’s also the vice chair, the ASME B 30 committee, which sets the standards in the United States for cranes and rigging, and as well as the ASME P30 committee, which sets the standards for lift planning. So without further ado, Mike, please take it away.

Mike: Thanks, Jonah, very much. I look forward to a great time with all the participants. Thanks to everybody from taking a break from your holiday season here, sitting in with ITI. The subject we are covering today has to do with riggers and signal persons. We were working with the industry well before the CDAC committee got together and we really were hoping for a stronger position on the CDAC activity on the development stage for riggers, we know that signal persons were able to make some headway. But we didn’t get that big of a shake out for the description of the riggers task, qualifications, expectations, and things like that. Part of what we’re going to talk about, briefly, today is some of those elements that we are finding now that 1400’s been released and what the market is doing with those. Before we get too far downstream, I’d like to welcome – we have a host of folks that have joined us today – United Air Emirates, Alfred’s group, Chicago Bridge and Iron, we have a lot of engineers from the core group who is here today, and Fleur is online with us today, Hewitt and Mammoet, a whole host of colleges and technical schools, Michigan Tech and others, we really appreciate their participation. Navy Crane Center, we certainly welcome them and a lot of the cohort of those working at the Navy facilities around the country and around the world, these are always near and dear to the military hearts for rigger activities and expectations, certainly signaling. We would also like to welcome Sims Crane and Sling Choker and a number of the Transocean folks, glad to see them online with us, invest us with energy and wind turbine. So Weatherford, glad to see you guys here in West Star Energy. Thanks for taking time out of your life, this is a different format that you will see today in your layout, we’re looking forward to questions from you toward the end. It won’t be nearly as long as the long ones Mike has done in the past. We’ll hit the  points necessary and certainly look forward to your questions. So, without further ado, let’s go into talking about three slides here.

What equipment is in this 1400 document? And what would be included as it relates to riggers and signal persons? As you can see, these are right up to the scope of the 1400 – identify as the different types of cranes, pedestal overhead gantry that may be used for construction purposes, side boom and barge mounted cranes and so on. Other equipment as applicable, power driving, monorail, and other multi-purpose equipment. There is an exclusions list that by specific type some  - power shovels, excavators, and backhoes. There’s a limited exclusion for application for digger Derricks and knuckle-boom. So if you have that type of equipment in there ,look in there and see what is partially applicable and what is partially limited – I’ll try to relate that as we get further into the presentation. Let’s go into riggers first here. What we’ve noticed over time in the last couple of years with the advent of this document is how folks are breaking out for training and qualifications, some of it on the certifications side, but we’ve noticed general industry – those that we would term to be basic riggers- if you want to just make some basic notes, we’re calling the basic rigger is a qualification, or in some cases, by some organizations, a certification, these are generally folks that do not have to do calculation. So those would be low-weight estimation, sling  tension, chain ball anticipated tensions, skidding ,jacking, rolling, forces -  all kinds of things that have to do with estimating loads and or tensions. These folks are into primarily rigging inspection, sling identification, sling capacity, identification, understanding hitches and applications, and how to take directives or instructions from an advanced rigger. So in general industry, you’ll notice that they’re a bit different, so what our first attention, this is basically ITI, our view of the market place, but the advanced riggers contain a calculated portion there, particularly power plants, power houses, or refineries, heavy manufacturer, where folks have a larger pool of folks that are into the estimated weights, sling tension, and the calculation process. Then the 5 percent seems to be pretty true for lift director, folks that need to have a strong leg for LHEs, cranes and loading equipment, and the rigging side, and also in lift directors, having a base in procedure writing, understanding sequence of events and being able to have a handle on the safety aspects of these jobs overall, and leadership.

Over in construction, it’s a bit different. Here, you’ll notice that ITI opinion, and I’ll qualify that as we go through some of these slides, which are some observations versus and then we hit some of the rules and regulations, what those are emphatically. So we see a larger pool of basic riggers in construction, somewhat more transient workforce. They may have some rudimentary or some basic introduction to rigging for their qualification level, whether union or non-union, in their apprenticeship program, a smaller slice of folks that would be termed advanced riggers. Then we still have that 5 percent for lift directors.so that’s our breakdown, our understanding, sort of giving you and pulling the curtains back a little bit, letting you see what our view is of how these folks break out the industry. One thing that I wanted to impress on folks in the last three years in particular is the advent of 1400 document is for folks to actually measure: what is your risk? What are you doing in your organization operation? How many lists are you making? For load-handling event, where does that put us for risk level? This is one little summary of an analysis that we did for a shipyard that had a multiple locations. They averaged, 14 yards, some very small and some average size. They averaged 112 lifts a day, 101 shifts, 168 lifts per day, and then times 250 days a year, 42000 times 14 yards. So that’s about almost 600,000 lifts per year, and they got a real serious appreciation very quickly of the risk and exposure, which led them to deciding, what are we doing with our workforce and qualifications of those folks? Do we have advanced riggers? Do we have lift directors? How manageable are our cranes and rigging activities? We also ask them to then complete a quick surrey on critical lifts. In that critical lift category, can see that we are down here in 98 critical lifts per month, times 14, so we’re 11 or 12 hundred critical lifts per year. That started to get their attention really quickly in deciding, we need to have some schooled folks that are dialed up for the advanced rigger and the lift director capacity, engineering assistance, etc. So, risk measuring, evaluation, all goes to helping decide ,to which level do we need to qualify our folks? Part of the, as we take in new folks, or existing folks, I think some of the – this is an advisement by ITI, is how do we target – we need to evaluate our workplace, how many lifts do we make and what kind are they? Are they repetitive, production lifts, standard lifts, general purpose rigging activities, load handling or specialized? So target the skill level that you need. Then, identify the employees for those levels, there may be 150 folks that rig as a part of their craft or activity, and then document- what you really want to do – is document their experience. We’re doing this right now and have done so before on many occasions, power plant, we created what we call a brag sheet, take a look at the brag sheet and explore their current craft or trade, years in trade, training history, load handling activity history, equipment operating, lift planning, and lift coordinating. What we want to do is track down and accumulate the hours that each, this is just a onetime interview, and may take 20 minutes or so, so that we may the track and put that into the personnel file. It also gives us a great overview of the accumulated hours of a person’s history in training for basic rigging, accumulated hours worked, load handling activity, rigging introduction, rigging loads with  crane handling. Maybe the guy has three or four thousand hours accumulated there with mobile cranes, could have 16 thousand or 20 thousand hours, so what you’re doing is you’re tallying and accumulating the hours that a person has performing some of these functions. That helps give us an idea of their experience. Experience is part of the definition for qualified person. On the backside, there’s a small essay section – strong handling section involved, these, and the concerned load handling – I feel I’m most knowledgeable about that, and based on my current knowledge and skills I know my weakest load handling activities are these things. It gives us an idea too where the learning begins, where are their strengths, what are their weaknesses or learning gaps that we need to fill in. what we do then, what we often do for clients is, we test the knowledge of folks, by written or practical. We find that the guys that have 20 years of experience and are bright are really because of previous training, what you want to give credit for wherever you can, and you want to do that. What this does is – you want to give the guy opportunity to quiz out of some of that area and then, identify, where we need to train? You want to focus and dial down your training events to what’s really necessary. It’s one of those things where – do we want to go back through another 8 hours of this or 8 hours of that just because? Are you not giving any credit for my past work/effort? So, by cumulating the hours, testing and quizzing out of some of these areas, what we may find they do often, we will find maybe a certain group, 20 or 30 percent of the folks, they do have the experience, but maybe very little recall or little ability to quiz out or prove that knowledge in certain areas. So they got the time on the job, but they may not have been on the decision making role, or they may not have had a formal training base to provide that. They kind of know what to do, but are not dialed into defend those decision. At any time there is certainly an advanced rigger, you want to know that he’s been in the decisions made, and stand by the best practices that have been established and by the corporation or company. The rules and regulations are applicable to his environment. So once we identify what he’s got, where the gaps are, then we train to fill the gaps in and we test to verify that he has succeeded or that the comprehension is there.  So, creating a brag sheet, it’s a one-time shot, it’s a great experience and great tool to understand where people come from and where they are adding to your pool and your workforce.

What we want to do as an employer is provide and ensure that we have competent folks working for us. Whether its riggers, signal person , laborers, could be tag line folks, could be operators and others, who can help ensure that competency and that can come from a variety of areas. One is by an employer program. The employer program – what you want to do is – create the documentation. You might start with that brag sheet. That brag sheet is docking and logging in their experience level and potentially, by testing them, you verifying and confirming knowledge level so periodic training and testing. Learning management system, by e-learning, and by tracking learning activities – that employer based program certainly is about documentation but also about proving out. Proving out of here by testing or by small short, hands-on exercise, or on some written confirmation. Written quizzes that help confirm knowledge. It’s all traceable, trackable, on LMS system. If it’s employer based program, it just can’t be just, Bill knows this. I know that he knows this, but you actually need to start documenting that and capturing that. That brag sheet is a great way to get there. Another way to do that is independent third party. There are a number of organizations out there that do that. But, you have to appreciate, we come in and see these folks for a week at a time or 3 days, or it might be 2 weeks. So we don’t get to see their full capability on all cases. What they’re doing there generally, is we’re generally training, we can do audits, crane and rigging competency audits for operators, riggers, signal persons, we will certainly need to execute some written and some practical exams. Certainly, that is doable through these organization. You can have outside party do some of that for you. But you really want to make sure that the folks you’re asking to help assist you with that will be providing the documentation and the backup as needed. We’ve got records, we’ve actually not thrown a record away. They’re boxed, but we have them go back to 86’, we want to make sure we can retain those records and we’ve received, every year, 5 or 6 calls that go back 10 or sometimes, 15, years on somebody’s program that they’ve attended and what kind of contact was presented during that course. So knowing what course content, knows what’s there, and what the qualification level was achieved out of that is very important. That takes traceability. Another way is certification, so that it could be done by prior training or it could be that a person goes in and signs up, has to take one of the national programs and in current date, we’ve got three substantial programs out there – CIC, NCCER, and then NCCCO help provide certification testing for folks that are involved in rigging and in signaling. We obviously know that organizations, some of the organizations are these that also offer mobile cranes some overhead cranes, some lift director, so on. But our subject today is rigging and signal person. They are national accreditation groups that can do the testing to confirm competency and ability. So what you can’t always confirm is the experience side, and that’s by the brag sheet is to track that experience. Gets down to knowledge, experience, training background.

Let’s start off with signal person responsibilities here. Knowing and understanding basic hand signals, these are basic requirements out of the 1400 document and be competent  in the signal methods. This will see downstream that they need to have documentation of the signal method of which they’re qualified in, and that could be multiples. It could be hand signals, could be radios, and could be both. So we need to make sure that the documentation tracks what they’ve been tested against. Understand that some of the responsibilities understand their responsibilities – so they become an active role player and participant, when requested by the operator. So the operator can’t see, or it’s fuzzy, or foggy, or lighting is not the best, the operator may require and request a signal person to be used for that activity. Signal persons are not required to know rigging and crane activities. Just so you know up front, they are not required to know activities. However, OSHA’s talked about, as requested by the operator, when you have  a blind pick operation – you can’t see, over the side, when the crane has an obstructed view, also when there are sites with specific concerns and then when spotters are needed near energized lines, when we are working under the table, a. the environment and addressing those issues, the spotter that is being used to help the operator and signal person must also be a qualified signal person. That is a requirement.

Alright, let’s take a look then. Signal persons must understand, equipment operation. So you notice, even in this photo right here, the signal person is giving a boom down signal, we are in situation with a hydraulic crane, you’ll get a lot of fishing pole effect, deflection, we need to understand the difference between when we need to hoist the load off the ground and when boom will load off the ground based on anticipated deflection. We don’t want that load flipping off 3 or 4 feet and create additional radius for the crane and maybe right on the edge of this chart and all over the chart. The signaler needs to understand: how do I keep that load in its footprint or shadow, when I’m just breaking it off the ground? When I’m coming up? And  certainly managing it well when I’m coming down. So you need to understand about the crane and or the LHE equipment, the dynamics, effects of swinging. Sometimes we get swinging too quickly and we expect to be able to give the operator an immediate stop signal, we need to coast that load into place, you have a very gentle, anticipated swing, stop, signal, and those are – we need to be able to start reading and understanding the operator and his idiosyncrasies. How quick or how slow he gets into and out of a motion. We can swing so fast, obviously, to take a load out of radius, so it can be an issue, and part of that is in the hands of the signaler. What are we signaling or asking the operator to do? Something, stopping can have dynamics and bouncing to the load, bouncing to the crane, some signaling to the boom, and boom deflection, as we’ve discussed. So, the signal person must be either, verbal or written tested on the subject of signaling as it related to not only the signals but also equipment operation and the effects of signaling activities. But he also must be practical tested on the signals that he is being qualified for. Those things have to be the core base, and he gets tested on those.

Signal types – hand signals, voice signals, or commands, audible horns and whistles in some cases. In these qualification elements, if he is going to get on the radio, that voice signal needs to be on his card or his certificate or documentation as provided. So any of the tree or all of them needs to be listed as applicable to the job site and to his qualifications backgrounds. The signaler needs to be competent or capable to be able to provide unique signals, whenever those are required on a job site, signals need to fall into certain categories. 1, they are not already established so we can’t give signal index finger certain signaling up, which is our normal hoist signal and can’t also be used for some other crane instruction. So it needs to be a unique signal that needs not be confused with existing signal. Unique signal such as, there may be a live jib, lives are lower, so there maybe, what we are looking at, maybe a boom up or boom down signal – there actually may be a new signal to manage the live jib. Then all parties must agree. Start with the signal person and operator, and then those other participants that are involved in the load handling activity because there wasn’t riggers or tag line persons need to understand those unique signals so they can react and respond and not get in a bind. Let’s take a look then at signal system suitable for the site. These are requirements from OSHA, they need to be suitable for the site and not working activity. Transmission maintain operator to stop if the stop signal is given. One signal person is really the key, you can’t have 2 signals simultaneously unless the signal is to stop for an emergency stop. All signals given from the operator’s perspective. I noted to you, a few webinars ago that we talked about the ability of a young man giving signals for wind turbines in installation- he was up site in the cell and getting ready to load. They hop on and radio down to the operator give him a swing right signal voice command, and the operator swung to his right and the signaler thought it was his personal right, he ended up getting crushed. Died as a result. It’s got to be from the operator’s perspective, from sitting in the seat, operator’s right, operator’s left. So we need to remember that and make sure that our signalers are schooled up and dialed up to think that way as they give commands for operations to go forward.

Multiple signals identify the crane giving the signal. Often it may be by the first name of the operator’s Bill or George, it could be Grove this link go back, and so we need to identify, we have two cranes at one time, if we’re either by hand, giving the appropriate signal- left hand- to the in this case, boom truck right hand, to the crane or vice versa. And/or by voice command, voice identification. We’ve got to identify which crane we’re identifying to perform which function. Electronics test signal for operation, certainly is a designated channel. It is called up by OSHA, and systems may be shared during multiple crane operations if dedicated channel. We’ve got to watch out for adjacent to railroads, coordinate with trains, which is just means that we also may get radio walkover, that we have activity going on in radiofrequency, interference, and then the operator that may have a headset on, he may be needed to communicate hands free. So whatever system we choose for the operator, for the electronics system, he’s got to be able to voice command, voice capable and be able to pass that information feedback back to the signaler at will without using his hands. Then signal process is signal or process that has agreed to all the parties. This is the old function, distance or speed function and stop. If you’ll notice, I just gave an example here, load hoisted up, we give a signal right, that’s the operator’s right, then we start counting off and saying 180 degrees, 120, 90, 45, 20, swing stop. You’re talking like you want to operator to react using the crane in a slow, continuous motion, continue using verbal exchange. The idea is that, if we break communication, he needs to simply stop the crane and reestablish communication, then reinitiate. So, this is a bit, there are some sites that choose and whish and avoid a communication, but really isn’t what OSHA is talking about. Their call-out is continuous communication, and change from the signaler to the operator and to stop what is required. Alright, let’s take a look at signal language and placards.

Effectively communication the language and the placards used. And the signals need to be posted on the machine or the vicinity near the hoisting operation. Alright, then, operations – if we have an operation that has a dedicated spotter, if used for power line operations, it must be a qualified signal person. That is a requirement by OSHA. A signal person recommended for man baskets and it is our opinion that you really should use a qualified signal person and our preference would be, this is an opinion thing, we prefer that the signal person in the basket be a qualified signal person. The operator, rigger, or the maintenance person. If not, they should be on the ground observing and being a second set of eyes as needed. So, it’s very strong advise that we have that qualified signal person up in the basket just in case we get into a bind and need to react somehow. He knows that the signals to give or verbally, or by hand signal, he needs to get that basket out of a problem, if necessary. Real shaft operations, though, to the signal person, shall be posted near that operation, near the ground, the shaft. Then, the lifting personnel for driving that pile operations, a spotter shall be used in that spot. Spotter, in this case if you go back and look at the definition, and or the application, the spotter is the qualified signal person.

Let’s take a look then – at the exception to this. In 2000 pound category or less, that’s the small boom or mechanic’s truck – this is where it falls off a bit. No qualified rigger for fall zone – it just needs to be trained for rigging. The rigging application suitable for the machine is operating. No qualified signal person – just needs to be trained and no qualified crane operator, simply needs to be trained. So it really falls to the employer’s feet just to what the folks need to be competent of. So it’s training in all cases,  training in rigging, and training in operation of the crane, as necessary and needed. We need to make sure that this is for the 2000 pound capacity or less. There is a special section, in OSHA that gets into this category if you read very closely, you’ll find these things to be true. Let’s take a look, let me open this back up for just a second. Make sure that we have – I’m going to have one of our assistants here – go back to the rigging operations section. This is a new format for us, and let’s float back in and see that we have everything covered for riggers. Go back into the left there. There is fine. Thanks for the help- just a little technical information there and assistance.

We want to make sure that for the riggers, we want to ensure that we have on the rigger’s side, as we talked about, the categories for qualification for basic rigger really is this non-math world. Then, for the lift director. Advanced rigger, really gets into the discussion point about calculations and their qualification. The definition for that qualified person is by being able to perform according to their knowledge experience and training. That’s really the issue when we get into the rigger’s side, which is really a black hole for OSHA. I just want to make sure that if you want to denote this, I’m going to switch over to a new format and to make sure I can highlight this for us- what we’ve started to see is: rigger level 1 and basic rigger, as termed by a number of organizations in our industry, and then a rigger level  2, or what we call an advanced rigger. Those categories are really starting to highlight sling inspection, or rigging inspection overall, and we’ll just call it all-rigging. Then, types of slings, its capacities, and methodology. So there is really no calculation – that is the down and dirty for this. On the rigger level 2 side, advanced rigger, this is ITI, I’m going to break it down for you, these are what we’re seeing happening in the marketplace. Folks are asking us for consultation, how do we get from point A to point B and make sure, because if we say it’s a qualified rigger that means a lot of different things to a lot of different people. And if OSHA walks up, and you got one qualified rigger on the job site, they would probably be expecting that person to be competent in load weight estimation and identifying center of gravity and distribution of weight based on reload or net load of shear load, or loading component, or some plan. Then be able to calculate sling tension. All of a sudden, if the person you said is the designated or qualified rigger is not competent or capable to do these things, and these things are being performed, the work is being performed under the hood, but the knowledge is not there to back it up, we’re probably getting a bine there. What you want to do is, evaluate your program. Then, identify, in the qualification process, for our riggers, our basic rigger and advanced rigger, do we have these things covered? That’s really by subject and can be surfaced by experience, by interviews, but also by testing and by performance. So at the end of the day, qualified person for OSHA means qualified person, and qualified person means you can perform the work. Some of that work is on the right side, and if we don’t have them trained up or prepared, we might be falling short of the intended position that OSHA wishes us to be in and I’ll take this. At the end of the day, part of this is OSHA, stating to us, and the fact that we’ve been dully warned, OSHA expects competency and the employer needs to ensure that their employees have knowledge, experience and training for their tasks, whether they are basic rigger, advanced rigger, or signal person, and/or lift director. So we’ve been put on notice by OSHA, created that the document they have, great document, helps us in the workplace and gets this to the end goal. But we want to make sure that we are meeting those expectations of competency with knowledge, experience, and training. Alright, so, let’s take a look and see if we have questions?

Jonah, let’s see if we have any questions you’d like to entertain those, and see what we have for the listeners and for some of the folks. Doesn’t look like we have any today, we’ve been able to answer  a lot of those, hopefully, along the way for you. We are looking forward to a whole host of 2014 programs. Think that you’re going to end up with a fantastic offering in the near future. I’m going to get the screen going. We have a ground bearing pressure presentation not so long ago, and we are going to have some additional down in the dirt, sorry for the pun, down in the dirt type evaluation for ground bearing pressure allowable, and a whole host of subjects being covered. We’re going to offer some additional master rigger, some quick subject, we’ll have mobile crane webinars coming up. In addition, some what we call advanced rigging webinars coming up in the 2014 schedule. We’re still planning one a month and we’re still looking for additional presenters besides ITI. We normally do 2/3 ITI and 1/3 special presenters.

There’s a question that came up just a minute ago, are sling angle stress calculations considered advanced rigging? And that’s a great question.  I’ll go back and refer to everybody that’s attended today, if you really want to categorize, this is ITI, this is me, I’m going to put this – no calc’s on this side for basic rigger, and calculations over on the advanced rigger side. We just have to appreciate that, yes, there are calculations over here. If somebody’s is required to do calculations and perform rigging activities, and they’re really churned basic rigger, they probably got a square block and a round hole. We don’t have the right person. So the answer is, yes. To do stress calculations on slings, that would generally be in the advanced rigging. I can tell you CIC and CCCO all have basic rigger for level 1 testing and the level 2 testing, and the testing packages – if you look at the requirements for the candidates, they give you basically the same layout that basically, the same calculations are on the advanced rigger’s exams and you’ll be expected to know those. There are of course prep courses to prepare for those. But calculations shown on the advanced side, not on the basic rigger’s side. Great question. That was from Andrew, we really appreciate it.

There’s a question that talks about no certification operator for loads 2000 pounds or less, or for cranes that cannot lift 2000, or riggers who do not know the weight of the item they were lifting. I’m going to give you a classification – what that qualification calls out for is cranes that are rated at 2000 pounds or less. So that would be a 1 ton mechanics truck on a panel truck. It’s about the crane and its rating, it’s not about the load weight. It’s about the crane itself. And when we got a crane mechanics truck, a panel truck that we run around in a country site providing certain services for folks that have machine repair and equipment repair and so on, or light duty pump lift, they might do an axel back here, but it’s simply got a small mechanics boom, auto crane type boom on the back end, and that’s the type you’re really talking about, it’s just small, small unit that is designed to augment or supplement, versus heavy lifting for a man or person or for 2 or 3, is to put a small auto crane on the back. The auto crane is simply a trade name for one of the crane types that we’re talking about. It’s definitely limited in that 2000 pounds or less category, that’s what we’re talking about. And when those conditions arise or apparent, you don’t have to have it  qualified, a rigger. You don’t have to have a qualified signal person or have to have a qualified crane operator, however, OSHA says they must be trained to perform their work. That is a requirement that they’re competent to perform the work task assigned to them with the machinery and equipment in the fleet and task section. It really is about the crane’s lifting capability, and it’s about lifting 2000 pounds or less for that particular unit there. Great question, thank you very much.

We’re looking forward to having a super 2014. We really appreciate your participation with us in 2013. We’ve had a blast with a lot of great presenters, and I’ve had a lot of fun. We’ve had accident investigation, critical lift planning, and all kinds of planning this year. We’re looking forward to more, bigger and better next year. So hope everybody has a great holiday season. Don’t forget: we have resources available online through ITI, and take a look if you would like to get involved, take a look at the book store. Just go to ITI.com and go to the book store and look .super resources, we have over 400 items there that might be of some assistance in your library or help you get some of the work done on the task you were looking forward to. Hope everybody has a great holiday season. Merry Christmas to everybody, we look forward to visiting with you again in 2014. This is Mike, we’re signing off, and have a great day.